Hunters in the Snow vs. the Most Dangerous Game Essay

Comparative Essay Though one could argue that Wolff’s â€Å"Hunter’s in the Snow† and Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† share an aspect of higher insight that can be classified in literary fiction, Hunter’s in the Snow allows the reader to develop a deeper understanding of human nature by presenting three dynamic characters. The three characters distinguish â€Å"Hunter’s in the Snow† as literary fiction through the author’s attempt on to make a statement about the human condition. â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† does not aim at simple entertainment, but rather tries to get us to see deeper into the three mens personal characters. Many devices used in literary fiction are present in Hunters. The story does not end in a way that is either good or†¦show more content†¦After the General allows small glimpses into his psyche, the fact that he is a disturbed person is temporarily forgotten about as the battle between him and Rainsford begins. In â€Å"Hunters in the Snow†, the situation with the shooting occurs early on, but the main focus of the story then transfers to the characters and their issues for the remainder of the story. Rainsford is the typical hero: He is clever and moral, as opposed to Zaroff who is immoral. Though he claims to be a beast at bay, Rainsford has now fully reverted to hunter mode, swimming across a small bay to Zaroffs chateau to arrive there before the general can make it back through the jungle.†¦ out the shadowy outlines of a palatial chateau; it was set on a high bluff, and on three sides of it cliffs dived down to where the sea licked greedy lips in the shadows†. Rainsford claims that no animal can reason and when he realizes what Zaroff is doing, he calls it cold-blooded murder. Zaroff retreats to the chateau, assuming he has won the game. The General explains, hunting was beginning to bore him, and reveals that he had to invent a new animal to hunt, one that must have courage, cunning, and, above all, it must be able to reason. Rainsford survives, winning the game. A story, which relies on action, coincidence and surprise, is precisely the motivation that Connell needs to create a memorable commercial fiction. Rainsford is given the impression that General Zaroff is a wealthy and prominent hunter. Show MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Hunters In The Snow And The Most Dangerous Game1019 Words   |  5 PagesDid you know that â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"The Hunters In The Snow† could be similar in so many ways but have some differences in both stories? There are two main characters in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and that is Rainsford and General Zaroff and in â€Å"The Hunter In The Snow† has three main characters and that is supposedly friends and that is Tub, Frank, and Kenny. 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Harnessing Demographic Differences In Organizations â€Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Harnessing Demographic Differences In Organizations? Answer: Introduction Globalisation has created diversity which needs to be attended to. Corporations are no longer catering to single markets bounded by national boundaries. Currently clients are from all over the world and in order to identify their needs, corporations are increasingly creating diversified workplaces. There are however a multitude of challenges that are posed by diversified workplace environments. Challenges and issues handling in these workplaces are real threats to companies. It is the duty of corporations to create a positive work ambience and environment with similarities amongst diversity such as to foster a spirit of productivity and innovativeness. The scope of this current study is focused on analysing various aspects of workplace diversity by evaluating three journals relevant to such analysis. The three journals are Harold Andrew Patrick and Vincent Raj Kumar (2012), article, Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges. In Sage Open(Patrick, 2012). Anne M. McMahon (201 0) article, Does workplace diversity matter? A survey of empirical studies on diversity and firm performance, 2000-09. In Journal of Diversity Management, page number 37(McMahon, 2010). Yves R.F. Guillaume1, Jeremy F. Dawson, Lilian Otaye-Ebede, Stephen A. Woods and Michael A. West (2017), article Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity? In the Journal of Organizational Behavior, pages 276 to 303 (Guillaume, 2017). Article Summary All the articles for this topic covers relevant concepts and theories regarding workplace diversity issues. In the first article a relationship between a firms productivity and diversity is established as diversity has expanded beyond demographic criterias and are no longer one-dimensional in nature(Chrobot-Mason, 2013). Effectiveness of creating diversity in workplaces has been identified that seeks to create a pool of more skills, knowledge, abilities and expertise levels along with other characteristics (KSAOs). The scope of the first article highlights the importance of creating workplace diversity. In the second article by McMahon an analysis on firms performance relationship is conducted within the period of 2000-09. The scope of the article aims to define ways in which diversity and firms performance can be defined. It forms a basis for linking firms performance with that of workplace diversity along with factors that mediate diversity-performance relationships(Bond, 2014). This study provides a qualitative along with a quantitative basis for analysis of a firms performance with broadening of view related to diversity as it no longer relates to demographic factors alone. In the third article, there is an interrelations that is established across demographic diversity relating relational demography, organisational diversity and work group diversity. This article examines using Categorization-Elaboration Model through theoretical perspectives. Scope of this article analyses detailed differences in relational demography along with work group diversity effects, which promotes social integration for openness, diversity beliefs, learning goal orientation, decision-making and similar other attributes. Big Five traits were analysed and applied for understanding an individuals capability towards acceptance of diversity. Other influencing factors for diversity have also been analysed as which were KSA and epistemic motivation which constituted variables for motivation. Article Analysis Articles regarding managing of diversity are similar yet different in many ways with their differences in point of views(Yang, 2011). In the first article by Patrick and Kumar the positive aspects of diversity has been analysed with dissimilarities and similarities amongst individuals being valued. This article primarily focuses on culture of the organisation, human resource practices, organisational environment amongst factors that can impact diversity. The study was aimed at mapping productivity primary of workplace diversity in IT context. Integral strategies that can enhance workplace diversity were identified. The most frequent barriers for accepting workplace diversity were analysed along with potential strategies that can lead to inclusiveness. Awareness regarding workplace diversity were also provided within the scope of this study using sampling technique. The second article is mostly a qualitative analysis of various internal and external contexts linking firms performance with that of diversity. It broadens the definition of diversity to include more factors and concepts, as interferences from diversity could significantly impact business performance(Canas, 2013). Functional background, experience, organisational tenure, social behaviours, team interactions are used to assessed workplace diversity for determining outcomes on performance. It establishes that workplace diversity being non-linear in nature. In the third article, diversity in workplace benefits to the organisation has been analysed. Diversity does not link employee morale, poor job performance, conflicts and other factors. It aims to establish relational variables to identifying workplace issues. Article Comparison All the three articles aims at creating a better understanding regarding workplace diversity. But there are certain distinctions amongst them as well as the first article creates a positive ambience or experience around diversity. The several benefits that can be generated from a diversified workforce as skills, creativity, knowledge are analysed in this regard. This article stress on the facts ways and methods in which importance of diversity in workplace could be enhanced. It uses several measure to depict ways in which organisations can be made effective by accommodating diversity into their workforces. It establishes direct connection in regards to productivity of organisations with that of diversity by including various definitions of stereotypes. Whereas in the scope of the second article, a study has been concluded to understand the level of impact on firms performance through diversity. As it can be clearly understood from global workplaces in order to attend to varying sets of customers, organisation and its employees need to have understanding regarding them. Diversity is seen to be more a necessity in current organisations who needs to cater to diversified customer base. Employees who are working in a diversified group are able to contribute better to ideas and attending to challenges that might arise from diversified working situations. Diversified workforce has become a necessity for global or multinational corporations who needs to develop detailed understanding regarding their customer base. However, the scope of third article is contradictory as it provides a different approach to diversity in totality. It analyses tolerance towards diversity approach, it conducts analysis of diversity as means of demographic variables which includes race, caste, creed, status and so on. Within scopes of organisational diversity such approaches with more complex variables has to be determined such as extend the scope of diversity further in the entire organisati on. This article identifies specific challenges related to diversity that affects workplaces. It analyses personal and individual traits that can make employees more tolerant to the idea of diversity. It accommodates Big Five personality traits to analyse factors that can determine effectiveness in accommodating employees to the concept of diversity. Organisational wide differences can create large amounts of impact that can deter its performance, hence managers and leaders along with human resource departments needs to identify ways and means by which such workplace diversity can be effectively reduced. Although role of leaders and managers is to derive productivity from employees, but diversity within them can largely deter their productivity leading to organisational level impact. In order to attend to organisational goals, employees needs to strive appropriately to achieve them even in diversified scenario. The importance of diversity needs to be highlighted and enhanced to them . Discussion Workplace diversity is becoming an integral issue at workplace with diversified customer groups. Practical implication of diversity at workplaces are immense that aim to benefit work communities. Leadership, organisational climate and existing climate at workplace can consistently impact variables of culture and diversity at workplaces. Motivating diversified employees might yield valuable inputs to the organisation, which in turn might be capable of driving a positive workplace atmosphere with varied demographic outlook. Organisations while operating within a diversified set of framework and management practices dealing with diversity have better understanding in regards to political, legal, social, technological and other factors prevailing in their countries. Organisations needs to identify conflicting interests that are beneficial for all within the framework of the organisation to provide fruitful results. All the articles that has been analysed in the scope of the discussion pe rtains to analysing issue regarding workplace diversity that might lead to effectiveness at workplaces. Thus, the articles empirical study and quantitative analysis provides useful data for further studies for improvement and generation of organisation wide productivity. Reference Lists Bond, M. A. 2014. Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 167-201. Canas, K. . 2013. Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Chrobot-Mason, D. . 2013. The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group Organization Management, 659-689. Guillaume, Y. R.?E. 2017. Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 276-303. McMahon, A. M. 2010. Does workplace diversity matter? A survey of empirical studies on diversity and firm performance, 2000-09. Journal of Diversity Management, 37. Patrick, H. A. 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges. Sage Open, 2158244012444615. Yang, Y. . 2011. Understanding diversity management practices: Implications of institutional theory and resource-based theory. Group Organization Management, 6-38.

Importance of steriochemistry in pharmacy free essay sample

Importance of Stereochemistry in Pharmacy with Special attention to DrugMolecules Introduction The importance of stereochemistry in drug action is gaining greater attention in pharmaceuticalsciemces, and a basic knowledge of the subject will be necessary for clinicians to make informeddecisions regarding the use of single-enantiomer drugs. Many of the drugs currently used in psychiatric practice are mixtures of enantiomers. For some therapeutics, single-enantiomer formulations can provide greater selectivities for their biological targets, improved therapeuticindices, and/or better pharmacokinetics than a mixture of enantiomers. This assignment reviewsthe importance of stereochemistry with special attention to different drug molecules, thenomenclature for describing stereochemistry and enantiomers, emphasizes the potential biologicaland pharmacologic differences between the 2 enantiomers of a drug, and highlights the clinicalexperience with single enantiomers. In some cases, both a mixture of enantiomers and a single-enantiomer formulation of a drug will be available simultaneously. In these cases, familiarity withstereochemistry and its pharmacologic implications will aid the practicing physician to provideoptimal pharmacotherapy to his or her patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of steriochemistry in pharmacy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some Basic Concepts Before going into the depth of this discussion let us have some concepts about the basic aspects of stereochemistry which eill ultimately help us to understand the importance of stereochemistry later on. 1 This section contains the basics needed to understand chiral drugs. The most important point is thatchiral drugs have 2 structurally similar forms that can behave very differently in biological systemsdue to their different shapes in 3-dimensional space. These 2 possible forms are termed enantiomers  , and the 2 enantiomers of a given chiral drug should be considered 2 different drugs. This topic is discussed further in the next section. Chirality is formally defined as the geometric property of a rigid object (like a molecule or drug) of not being superimposable with its mirror image. Molecules that can be superimposed on their mirror images are achiral (not chiral). Chirality is a property of matter found throughout biological systems, from the basic buildin g blocks of life such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to the layout of the human body. Chirality is often illustrated with the idea of left- and right-handedness: a left hand and right handare mirror images of each other but are not superimposable. The 2 mirror images of a chiral molecule are termed enantiomers . Like hands, enantiomers comein pairs. Both molecules of an enantiomer pair have the same chemical composition and can bedrawn the same way in 2 dimensions (e. g. , a drug structure on a package insert), but in chiralenvironments such as the receptors and enzymes in the body, they can behave differently. A racemate  (often called a racemic mixture) is a mixture of equal amounts of both enantiomers of achiral drug. Chirality in drugs most often arises from a carbon atom attached to 4 different groups, but there can be other sources of chirality as well. Single enantiomers are sometimes referred to as singleisomers or stereoisomers . These terms can also apply to achiral drugs and molecules and donot indicate that a single enantiomer is present. For example, mo lecules that are isomers of eachother share the same stoichiometric molecular formula but may have very different structures. 2 However, many discussions of chiral drugs use the terms enantiomer , single isomer , and/or single stereoisomer interchangeably. The 2 enantiomers of a chiral drug are best identified on the basis of their absolute configuration or their optical rotation. Other designations such as D and L (note the upper case) are used for sugarsand amino acids but are specific to these molecules and are not generally applicable to other compounds. The terms d , or dextro, and l , or levo , are considered obsolete and should

Checklist for Editing Paragraphs and Essays

Checklist for Editing Paragraphs and Essays Editing is a way of thinking critically and reading carefully.(C. Friend and D. Challenger, Contemporary Editing. Routledge, 2014) After revising an essay (perhaps several times) until were satisfied with its basic content and structure, we still need to edit our work. In other words, we need to examine our sentences to make sure that each one is clear, concise, forceful, and free of mistakes. Use this checklist as a guide when editing paragraphs and essays. Is each sentence clear and complete?Can any short, choppy sentences be improved by combining them?Can any long, awkward sentences be improved by breaking them down into shorter units and recombining them?Can any wordy sentences be made more concise?Can any run-on sentences be more effectively coordinated or subordinated?Does each verb agree with its subject?Are all verb forms correct and consistent?Do pronouns refer clearly to the appropriate nouns?Do all modifying words and phrases refer clearly to the words they are intended to modify?Is each word in the essay appropriate and effective?Is each word spelled correctly?Is the punctuation correct? See also:Revision and Editing Checklist for a Critical Essay

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about Essay

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about family) - Essay Example Each of their work explored the concept of family visually including the underlying themes that they are set against. In the legend on the catalogue where this painting, Oedipus and Antigone, was listed, Charles Thevenin wrote: â€Å"The fugitive proscribed by his son wanders during a violent storm in an arid and savage countryside†¦ His daughter makes a an effort to calm him.† This 18th century work in sepia was a study for a painting that was exhibited at the Salon in 1792. There are several variations to this Sophocles drama. In some paintings, Oedipus is depicted as one on the verge of madness, in some, he was so pathetic and miserable. But, always, there is the dutiful and protective figure, shielding the weakened form from the harshness of the elements. A look at the faces of the subjects and our knowledge of the history of the tableaux, enable us to see a dimension in family relationship that is characterized by gender conflict and the roles gender play in addressing the dilemma. Oedipus is being guided by her daughter after having been exiled by his son. Thevenin highlighted an important insight: as the father and son engaged in mortal conflict, the daughter remained loyal and duty-bound. The situation saw an undermined paternal authority, which rendered the family unit vulnerable. But most importantly, one sees that the intervention of the female figure to calm the dispute between the two males in the family represented the roles that women generally play in mitigating conflicts within the family. Art explored another treatment for the female form here. In other instance, women are the objects of the struggle between men. In this painting, the other pole is depicted. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Rauschenberg Family) is one of Andy Warhol’s collaboration with fellow Pop artist, Robert Rauschenberg. The art work is a combination of images of the Rauschenberg family and was

Oedipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oedipus the King - Essay Example The truth is, he is strongly inclined towards laws laid down and social order as far as the harmony and balance of the society is concerned and his uses his intelligence and secretive action to live up to that towards the end of the play. He can be categorized as a wise man and being capable of supporting a free outlook when under limited societal influence and peer pressure. Much like other citizens and political figures in Thebes he possesses a powerful mind as is seen later in the play as his action plan is disclosed beating Oedipus as well as Jocasta’s mind games (MacKay, 1962). Deception and in some ways being misunderstood due to the complexity of his character are common reactions associated with the character of Creon. The fact that he symbolizes a political figure that has great respect for social order is negated by his ability to commit clandestine; these acts direct the audience towards a completely different line of thought. A lot of the initial preconception as f ar the nature of his character is concerned is attributed to the fact that initially at the beginning Creon is shown in isolation with the people of Thebes. It was only later that his character is seen to have some interest in the society. ... Creon’s defense was such that this decision was a reflection of the thought process of a business man who possessed strong political orientation; this makes him a master manipulator, who has the valuable ability to choose the right time to speak, take meaningful action and always consider the presence of the audience; An example of his artful manipulation being the fact that he does not reveal his news despite the continuous insistence of Oedipus and Jocasta and instead equivocating and dissembles happily. His ability to be reasonable and his strong opinion which he raises against the king by hinting the unequal distribution of power despite the united rule of Oedipus an Jocasta is perhaps commendable but it is also a foolish move as he openly hints that Oedipus is king simply because of the power the title holds. His candid opinion gets the attention of the audience who at first disapprove however it later becomes the focus point of their sympathy as he is banished due to it: â€Å"I was not born with such a frantic yearning to be a king- but to do what kings do. And so it is with every one who has learned wisdom and self-control† (36.587-590). So with time Creon’s mistake which he pays for by speaking against the king later transcends to be a voice of reason that speaks in favor of social order and equality in ruler ship making Oedipus look like a fool. Creon captivates the audience through this situation, a scenario so artfully played out where he is punished for his individual reasoning and valid outlook. A critical way to analyze this situation through another perspective would suggest that Creon was manipulation the circumstances so that they would work in his favor. It is later revealed that he actually

Structural Performance Of Lightweight Concrete

Structural Performance Of Lightweight Concrete The Romans reportedly first used lightweight concrete during the eighteenth centuries. The application on the The Pantheon where it uses pumice aggregate in the construction of cast in-situ concrete, according to Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail, Mohamad Shazli Fathi and Norpadzlihatun bte Manaf (2003), all with the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository, confirms the Romans use of lightweight concrete. In the journal article, Study of lightweight concrete behavior, Ismail, Fathi and Manaf recount that during the late nineteenth century, American and English builders used clinker, a form of lightweight concrete in their construction projects like the British Museum as well as in low cost housing. DAnnunzio (2003) reports: Lightweight concrete can achieve similar strengths as standard concrete, and it produces a more efficient strength-to-weight ratio in structural elements (p. 2). During the research paper which investigates the structural performance of lightweight concrete, the author asserts: When the builder or developer uses lightweight concrete, then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ completing hypothesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the rest is just to show progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. DAnnunzio (2003), reports the use of lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to the recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies (p. 1). The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides in roof assemblies. Lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides The reported recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies. The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that in roof assemblies. lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to The lightweight concrete was also used in construction during the First World War. The United States used mainly for shipbuilding and concrete blocks. The foamed blast furnace-slag and pumice aggregate for block making were introduced in England and Sweden around 1930s. Nowadays with the advancement of technology, lightweight concrete expands its uses. For example, in the form of perlite with its outstanding insulating characteristics. It is widely used as loose-fill insulation in masonry construction where it enhances fire ratings, reduces noise transmission, does not rot and termite resistant. It is also used for vessels, roof decks and other applications. Figure 5 shows some examples of lightweight concrete used in different forms. Lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) provides The reported recent industry-wide insulation shortages and delamination deficiencies. The increase can also be attributed to the economic and environmental advantages that in roof assemblies. lightweight concrete as a roof decking and insulation system has expanded in the past five years. Increased usage can be attributed to Lightweight concrete can achieve similar strengths as standard concrete, and it produces a more efficient strength-to-weight ratio in structural elements DAnnunzio (2007, p. 2). John A. DAnnunzio (2003), president of IRT Inc., asserts in the article, New Lightweight Concrete Technology, as with all site installed materials, the quality of the finished product is based on the skill level of the applicator. Structural lightweight concrete, made with accumulation of lightweitght concrete aggregate, has been used in the United States for approximately 50 years. The article, Concrete in practice, what, why and how?, (2003) explains structural lightweight concrete has an in-place density (unit weight) on the order of 90 to 115lb/ft3 (1440 to 1840 kg/m3) compared to normal weight concrete with a density in the range of 140 lb to 150lb/ft3 (2240 to 2400kg/m3) (p. 1). Lightweight aggregates, such as clay, shale or slate materials, are typically used to make structural lightweight concrete. These lightweight aggregates are fired in a rotary kiln to cause this type concrete to have a porous structure. Air-cooled blast furnace slag may also be used to create lightweight concrete aggregates. There are other classes of non-structural lightweight concretes with lower density made with other aggregate materials and higher air voids in the cement paste matrix, such as in cellular concrete (Concrete in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2003, p. 1). This type of concrete is typically used for insulation properties only. Lightweight concrete may be produced by injecting air in to the composition, by leaving out the finer sizes of the aggregate or by replacing the aggregate with hollow or porous aggregate. Hjh Kamsiah Mohd Ismail, Mohamad Shazli Fathi and Norpadzlihatun bte Manaf (2003), all with the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository, purport in the journal article, Study of lightweight concrete behavior, particularly, lightweight concrete can be categorized into three groups: No-fines concrete Lightweight aggregate concrete Aerated/Foamed concrete (p. 5). No-fines concrete may be defined as lightweigh concrete that is created by combining cement and fine aggregate. This type of concrete has evenly spaced holes throughout it. Strucural lightweight concrete is mainly used to minimize the dead load of a structure that is made out of concrete. This allows the designer to decrease the size of columns and footings, or other load bearing essential features. Structural lightweight concrete mixtures can be designed to achieve similar strengths as normal weight concrete. The same is true for other mechanical and durability performance requirements (Concrete in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2003, p. 1). Strucutral lightweight concrete also produces a better strength to weight ratio for structural materials. Although lightweight concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete, the cost is offset because of the reduced volume of lightweight concrete, allowing designers to use less, which turns out to be less cost. When builders and developers choose to use structural lightweight concrete, the construction costs are lower and the building is much more durable. The researcher will purport the: Advantages and disadvantages of lightweight concrete; High Performance Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Proper Mixing Methods Volcanic Pumice Offer Conclusions Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Two of the distincitive features of lightweight concrete are its low density and thermal conductivity. Ismail, Fathi and Manaf (2003), explain advantages are that there is a reduction of dead load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and handling costs. Lightweight concrete maintains its large voids and not forming laitance layers or cement films when placed on the wall (p. 1). A great example of the durability of lightweight concrete is The Pantheon in Rome, which was built over 18 centuries ago. Sructural lightweight concrete is in high demand for use in construction because of its lower density which results in designers ability to have a smaller foundation due to the use of smaller load bearing elements or cross sections. Harun Tanyildizi and Ahmet Coskun (2008), both with the Department of construction education, Firat University Elazig, Turkey, explain in the journal article, The effect of high temperature on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of structural lightweight concrete containing fly ash, lightweight aggregates are broadly classified in to two types-natural (pumice, diatomite, volcanic cinders, etc.) and artificial (perlite, expanded shale, clay, slate, sintered PFA, etc.). Lightweight concrete can easily be produced by utilizing natural lightweight aggregate i.e., pumice or perlite aggregate ( ¶ 2). The main advantages to using structural lightweight concrete are increased strength, more flexible and less coefficient of thermal expansion. Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Lightweight concrete applications do have certain disadvantages and liabilities, typically having to do with the cabability of the contractor istalling it. John A. DAnnunzio (2003), president of IRT Inc., asserts in the article, New Lightweight Concrete Technology, as with all site installed materials, the quality of the finished product is based on the skill level of the applicator. Lightweight concrete has additional constraints because the success of the system is based on the proper mix ratio (p. 2). One of the major problems with lightweight concrete is if the lightweight concrete is not mixed properly, it may have empty spaces that can lead to deficient strength. The compressive strength of lightweight concrete come from a foam additive, when it is mixed correctly, this additive molds around the cement which serves as an aggregtae. If the foam additive is not properly mixed, there is a probability of foam collapse, which weakens the products compressive strength (DAnnunzio, 2003, p. 2). One of the factors that leads to lightweight concrete failing is the mixing process is typically done at a jobsite, which may lead to human errors. Concrecel USA has developed pumping equipment that percisley weighs the ingredients and accurately mixes the foam and cement, to elimante the problem of human error. Table 1 depicts the advantages and disadvantages of lightweight concrete. Table 1: Lightweight Concrete Advantages/Disadvantages(Ismail, Fathi Manaf, 2003, p. 8). Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Quick and relatively simple construction Very sensitive with water content in the mixtures Economical in terms of transportation as well as reduction in manpower Difficult to place and finish because of the porosity and angularity of the aggregate. In some mixes the cement mortar may separate the aggregate and float towards the surface. Significant reduction of overall weight in saving structural frames, footing or piles High Performance Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Typical lightweight concrete is weaker than traditional weight concrete. It is critical to improve the strength of lightweight concrete in order to promote it for use for structural applications. Bengi Arisoy, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey and Hwai-Chung Wu (2008), Advanced Infrastructure Materials Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Milwakee, explain in the journal article, Material characteristics of high performance lightweight concrete reinforced with PVA, with a much higher ductility high performance fiber reinforced lightweight concrete (HPFRLWC) becomes superior to regular concrete because of elimination of sudden catastrophic failure of otherwise brittle concrete. Ductility results from imposed crack resistance due to bridging fibers (Theoretical background section,  ¶ 1). The researchers found that fiber reinforced lightweight concrete, when made with lightweigh ag gregates and air entraining agent, displays strain hardening by the addition of 1.5% fiber volume fraction. By adding about 10-20% fine cement substitute such as fly ash and silica fume, it improves both ductility and flexural strength. Improvement of high performance FRLWC may be summarized as follows: 50-150 times (5000-15000%) increase in flexural displacement (ductility) at ultimate load than plain lightweight concrete, 50-250% increase in ultimate flexural strength than plain lightweight concrete, 30-65% decrease in weight than normal weight concrete (Arisoy Wu, 2003, Conclusion section,  ¶ 1). Proper Mixing Methods The concrete mixture design, especially for lightweight concrete, has stressed compressive strength, and also the durability of the concrete. Chao-Lung Hwang Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan and Meng-Feng Hung (2005), Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan assert in the journal article, Durability design and performance of self-consolidating lightweight concrete, ACI 318 structure code stresses both the maximum w/cm ratio to highlight the usage of pozzolanic material, and the minimum 28-day compressive strength to guarantee construction safety while considering durability of normal weight concrete ( ¶ 2). If a concrete structure cracks or become porous, it is more sustable to be subjective to harsh outside elements, such as acid rain and seawater, that may lead to its deterioration and the quality of a structure. Lightweight aggregate has a porous feature, because of that its compressive strength is typically low and the capacity it has for absorpution is fairly high. Hence, it needs large amount of cement paste to achieve suitable workability and designed compressive strength. This may violate the durability requirement of normal weight concrete as mentioned ( ¶ 4). Because the porous aggregate reduces the density of the lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) and because it fractures easily when mixed, it is critical to design the LWC with increased strength and durability. In various field conditions, lightweigh concretes, in regards to carbonation performance, have typically performed adequately. T.Y. Lo, W.C. Tang and A. Nadeem (2008), all with the Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, explain in the journal article, Comparison of carbonation of lightweight concrete with normal weight concrete at similar strength levels, some field investigations on the carbonation performance of LWC in ships and bridges at exposure age from 15 to 43 years, compressive strength from 23 to 35 MPa and density from 1650 to 1820 kg/m3 have been reported (Carbonation of lightweightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦section,  ¶ 1). The depth of carbonation in these structures varied in regards to exposure conditions, density and strength, and was typically less than 10 mm. What effect moisture content, porosity and cement to water ratio have on the limits of carbonation, have been studied by researchers. For example, Swenson and Sereda, prominent researchers found that the moisture content in lightweight concrete, whether high or low, was not favorable to rapid carbonation. Swamy and Jiang found that carbonation was higher for concrete with higher total porosity at a given water to cement ratio. Bilodeau et al. attributed the low carbonation in high strength LWC to low water to cement ratio (Lo, Tang Nadeem, 2008, Carbonation of lightweightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦section,  ¶ 2). Finally, Gunduz and Ugur analysed the carbonation of pumice aggregate lightweight concrete and expressed the carbonation was lessened when the aggregate to cement ratio of lowered. Volcanic Pumice This one is way over my head need to add a little from 8-next page 80 in raw research Pumice, a natural material, comes from volcanos when gases are released and the lava solidifies. Khandaker M. A. Hossain, Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada and Mohamed Lachemi (2007), a Canada Research Chair in Sustainable Construction and a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Ryerson University, both ACI members, assert in the journal publication, Mixture Design, Strength, Durability, and Fire Resistance of Lightweight Pumice Concrete, world pumice production was 14.4 million metric tones Mt in 2004. Globally, Italy remains the dominant producer of pumice, with production estimated to be 4.6 Mt per year ( ¶ 3). Pumice is mainly used an an aggregate in lightweight building block and other building products. Volcanic pumice (VP) has been utlizied as an aggregate in producing lightweight concrete. Pumice has been used for builing over 2000 years, especially in Rome and Europe where many pumice structures are still standing to this day. Lightweight concrete made with pumice and pozzolanic cement with volcanic ash/lime (developed in Mexico by the Totonacas) has survived more than 2000 years and provides an example of a low strength concrete and very long-term performance (Hossain Lachemi, 2007,  ¶ 4). Using pumice and perlite as additives has been found to supply increased resistance to the freezing and thawing of concrete, cement pastes and mortar.